In this book, three historians attempt to shed light on the political handling of controversial and traumatic events that marked the history of the 20th century. This detailed research maps out the complex relationship between academic history and public history, national ideology, and the political identity of victimized groups. It highlights the divergences between the collective memory of nations and their official history. It evaluates the political memories established by states. It describes the symbolic wars they wage on the international stage, either for their de-guiltification or for the recognition of the suffering endured by their populations. It captures the contradictions that permeate the collective body regarding the tensions generated by both different experiences and interpretations of the past. [...]