The Byzantine Empire was one of the most significant states of the Middle Ages and has had a catalytic influence on the history of Europe up to the modern era. This influence is not limited to its defense against enemies (for example, the Muslim Arabs and the Turks), as well as the preservation of ancient heritage, but also to the fact that Byzantium, especially in the early and main Middle Ages, was an enviable model for other European kingdoms, which constantly tried to imitate it. Because of this fact, and also due to its wealth, Byzantium became the object of desire for many. There were many who tried, even with violence when necessary, to conquer it. Until the 13th century, Byzantium was able to withstand various attacks, but after the first Latin-Christian crusade, its decline began, until it finally succumbed to the Muslim Turks in 1453. Despite its impressive and fascinating history, Byzantium has largely disappeared from Western European consciousness, remaining a terra incognita for most, who at best have only vaguely heard something about it. [Excerpt from the text on the back cover of the edition]