The people of the 19th century faced unprecedented political, economic, religious, and intellectual challenges. Distances were shrinking, new cities were sprouting, ingenious inventions were transforming the industrial landscape, new ideas were forming about God, human capabilities, industry, revolution, empires, political systems – and, above all, about the shape the future would take. Karl Marx, the son of a Jewish convert to Christianity from the Rhineland, made one of the most prominent and captivating contributions to this intellectual climate of constant ferment, dedicating his entire life to understanding the expectations and fears of the world of his century. In this new and monumental biography, Gareth Stedman Jones explores how Marx shaped his revolutionary ideas in times of intellectual upheaval and their impact on his era, allowing the reader to understand, like never before, the world of ideas that shaped Marx's world – and that made Marx shape our world. "A pinnacle of intellectual biography, a global benchmark. Stedman Jones is the only biographer, the only scholar who analyzes so well the formation of Marx in the political context of his time." Terrell Carver, University of Bristol "Stedman Jones reveals Marx as a man of his time, constantly reading, revising, and striving to construct his emerging worldview. His book is a monumentally important work on the effort of a mind to grasp the rapidly forming new world. And it is also a fascinating portrait of this world from the perspective of that mind." Jeremy Adelman, Public Books "An analysis of Marx's economic and sociological thought that will endure." George Steiner "An exceptional book by a great historian of our time." David Leopold, University of Oxford "The definitive biography of Marx for our time." Peter E. Gordon, New York Times Book Review